Selected References

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking Attributable Disease A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2010.
2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004.
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2006.
4. National Toxicology Program. Report on Carcinogens. Eleventh Edition. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005.
5. Austoni E, Mirone V, Parazzini F, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for erectile dysfunction Data from the Andrology Prevention Weeks 2001 2002. A study of the Italian Society of Andrology (S.I.A.). European Urology 2005 48(5) 810 818. PubMed Abstract
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual smoking attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses United States, 1997 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2005 54(25) 625 628. PubMed Abstract
7. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Progress Report 2003. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, 2004.
8. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. Lyon, France 2002. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 83.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking (Also Known as Exposure to Secondhand Smoke or Environmental Tobacco Smoke ETS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, 1992.

10. Hatsukami DK, Stead LF, Gupta PC. Tobacco addiction. Lancet 2008 371(9629) 2027 2038.

    PubMed Abstract

11. Djordjevic MV, Doran KA. Nicotine content and delivery across tobacco products. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 2009 192 61 82.

    PubMed Abstract

12. Henningfield JE, Fant RV, Radzius A, Frost S. Nicotine concentration, smoke pH and whole tobacco aqueous pH of some cigar brands and types popular in the United States. Nicotine Tobacco Research 1999 1(2) 163 168.

    PubMed Abstract

13. Henley SJ, Thun MJ, Chao A, Calle EE. Association between exclusive pipe smoking and mortality from cancer and other diseases. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2004 96(11) 853 861. PubMed Abstract
14. Smith Simone S, Maziak W, Ward KD, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior in two U.S. samples. Nicotine Tobacco Research 2008 10(2) 393 398. PubMed Abstract
15. Cobb C, Ward KD, Maziak W, Shihadeh AL, Eissenberg T. Waterpipe tobacco smoking An emerging health crisis in the United States. American Journal of Health Behavior 2010 34(3) 275 285. PubMed Abstract
16. Prignot JJ, Sasco AJ, Poulet E, Gupta PC, Aditama TY. Alternative forms of tobacco use. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2008 12(7) 718 727. PubMed Abstract
17. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Benefits of Smoking Cessation. Rockville, MD U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 1990.
18. Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, et al. Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the U.K. since 1950 Combination of national statistics with two case control studies. British Medical Journal 2000 321(7257) 323 329. PubMed Abstract
19. Doll R, Peto R, Boreham J, Sutherland I. Mortality in relation to smoking 50 years observations on male British doctors. British Medical Journal 2004 328(7455) 1519 1527. PubMed Abstract
20. McBride CM, Ostroff JS. Teachable moments for promoting smoking cessation The context of cancer care and survivorship. Cancer Control 2003 10(4) 325 333. PubMed Abstract
21. Travis LB, Rabkin CS, Brown LM, et al. Cancer survivorship genetic susceptibility and second primary cancers Research strategies and recommendations. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2006 98(1) 15 25. PubMed Abstract
22. Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis Systematic review of observational studies with meta analysis. British Medical Journal 2010 340 b5569. PubMed Abstract

Smoking — national cancer institute

Smoking Quitline
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LiveHelp Online Chat
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This website offers science driven tools, information, and support that have been effective in helping smokers quit

Smokefree Women
Try the Smokefree Women website for information on how to quit smoking. The site covers smoking related topics that are often important to women, such as weight management and stress, and tells how to contact experts and find other resources.

Smokefree Teen
The Smokefree Teen website was developed specifically to help teen smokers quit and offers tailored information, several social media pages to connect teens with cessation tools, and a free smartphone application.

News

The Health Consequences of Smoking 50 Years of Progress A Report of the Surgeon General, 2014
This website links to the full 2014 Surgeon General’s report and to other related resources, including summaries, fact sheets, videos, podcasts, and more.

Tobacco FactsTobacco use is the leading cause of preventable illness and death in the United States. It causes many different cancers as well as chronic lung diseases, such as emphysema and bronchitis, and heart disease.

• Cigarette smoking causes an estimated 443,000 deaths each year, including approximately 49,000 deaths due to exposure to secondhand smoke.
• Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women in the United States, and 90 percent of lung cancer deaths among men and approximately 80 percent of lung cancer deaths among women are due to smoking.
• Smoking causes many other types of cancer, including cancers of the throat, mouth, nasal cavity, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, and cervix, and acute myeloid leukemia.
• People who smoke are up to six times more likely to suffer a heart attack than nonsmokers, and the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked. Smoking also causes most cases of chronic lung disease.
• In 2011, an estimated 19 percent of U.S. adults were cigarette smokers.
• Nearly 16 percent of high school students smoke cigarettes.
  (See Tobacco Statistics Snapshot for references for this information.)

More Information about Tobacco Use